Sunday, December 29, 2019
The Subordinate Clause French Grammar Glossary
A subordinate clause, or proposition subordonnà ©e, does not express a complete idea and cannot stand alone. It must occur in a sentence with the main clause and may be introduced by a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun. The main clause expresses a complete idea and could normally stand alone (as an independent clause) if it werent for the subordinate clause dependent on it. The subordinate clause is in brackets in the following examples: Jai dit [que jaime] les pommes.I said [that I like] apples.Il a rà ©ussi [parce quil a beaucoup travaillà ©].He succeeded [because he worked a lot].Lhomme [dont je parle habite ici].The man [that Im talking about] lives here. A subordinate clause, also known as une proposition dà ©pendante, or a dependent clause, is one of three types of clauses in French, each of which contains a subject and a verb: the independent clause, the main clause, and the subordinate clause. Subordinating conjunctions join dependent clauses to main clauses, as opposed to coordinating conjunctions, which join words and groups of words of an equal value. Coordinating: Jaime les pommes et les oranges.  I like apples and oranges.Subordinating: Jai dit que jaime les pommes.  I said that I like apples. Subordinating Conjunctions A subordinate clause cannot stand alone because its meaning is incomplete without the main clause. In addition, sometimes the dependent clause has a verb form that cannot stand alone. These are some frequently used French subordinating conjunctions that link the subordinate clause with the main clause: comme  as, sincelorsque  whenpuisque  since, as quand  whenque  thatquoique*  even thoughsi  if *Quoique must be followed by the subjunctive.   Comme tu nes pas prà ªt, jy irai seul.   Since youre not ready, Ill go alone.   Si je suis libre, je tamà ¨nerai à laà ©roport.   If Im free, Ill take you to the airport.   Jai peur quand il voyage.   Im afraid when he travels. Conjunctive Phrases There are also widely used conjunctive phrases that function as subordinating conjunctions. Some of these take a subjunctive verb and some also require the ne explà ©tif, the somewhat literary non-negative ne (without pas). à condition que*  provided thatafin que*  so thatainsi que  just as, so asalors que  while, whereasà mesure que  as (progressively)à moins que**  unlessaprà ¨s que  after, when à supposer que*  assuming thatau cas oà ¹Ã‚  in caseaussità ´t que  as soon asavant que**  beforebien que*  althoughdans lhypothà ¨se oà ¹Ã‚  in the event thatde crainte que**  for fear thatde faà §on que*  in such a way thatde manià ¨re que*  so thatde mà ªme que  just asde peur que** for fear thatdepuis que  sincede sorte que*  so that, in such a way thatdà ¨s que  as soon asen admettant que*  assuming thaten attendant que*  while, untilencore que*  even thoughjusquà ce que*  untilparce que  becausependant que  whilepour que*  so thatpourvu que*  provided thatquand bien mà ªme  even though/ifquoi que*  whatever, no matter whatsans que**  withoutsità ´t que  as soon assupposà © que*  supposingtandis que  while, whereastant que   as long asvu que  seeing as/that *These conjunctions must be followed by the subjunctive, which is only found in subordinate clauses.**These conjunctions require the subjunctive plus ne explà ©tif.    Il travaille pour que vous puissiez manger.   He works so that you can eat.    Jai rà ©ussi à lexamen bien que je naie pas à ©tudià ©.   I passed the test even though I didnt study.   Il est parti parce quil avait peur.   He left because he was afraid.   Jà ©vite quil ne dà ©couvre la raison.   Im avoiding his discovering the reason. Relative Pronouns A French relative pronoun can also link a subordinate (dependent) clause to a main clause. French relative pronouns may replace a subject, direct object, indirect object or preposition. They include, depending on context, que, qui, lequel, dont and oà ¹Ã‚ and generally translate into English as who, whom, that, which, whose, where, or when. But truth be told, there are no exact equivalents for these terms; see the table below for possible translations, according to part of speech. It is important to know that in French, relative pronouns are required, whereas, in English, they are sometimes optional and might be deleted if the sentence is clear without them. Functions and Meanings of Relative Pronouns Pronoun Function(s) Possible Translations Qui SubjectIndirect object (person) who, whatwhich, that, whom Que Direct object whom, what, which, that Lequel Indirect object (thing) what, which, that Dont Object of deIndicates possession of which, from which, thatwhose O Indicates place or time when, where, which, that Additional Resources Subordinating conjunctionsRelative pronounsClausePronounSi clauseConjunctionMain clauseRelative clause
Saturday, December 21, 2019
The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger - 637 Words
The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D Salinger, consists of many minor characters. There are more than about sixty characters in the novel in which only three of them are major characters (Holden, Allie, and Phoebe) and the rest minor. Many of these characters are just mentioned with no lasting impact on either the novel itself or Holden. Salinger uses minor characters in the Catcher in the Rye to tell the readers about Holden and his views about the world. The first minor character seen in the Catcher in the Rye is D.B. Caulfield, his older brother. D.B. is a successful screenplay writer for Hollywood. Salinger uses D.B to illustrate Holden’s view of Hollywood. â€Å"Now hes out in Hollywood, D.B., being a prostitute†(Salinger 4). To Holden, D.B is someone who sold his talents for money. Holden views people in Hollywood as people who sell their talent. Salinger also uses D.B, towards the end of the novel, to convey Holden’s view of war. According to Holden, the army was â€Å"full of bastards as the Nazis were†(Salinger 103). Holden would rather volunteer to sit on top of a bomb and die then to go to war. Mr. Spencer is another minor character Salinger uses to illustrate Holden’s view of adults. Holden sees Mr. Spencer as someone old and dependent. Mr. Spencer is someone who doesn’t â€Å"know his ass from his elbow†(12). This shows Holden’s view of adulthood, an old age where they become dependent on others and become ill and old. Holden doesn’t see adults as smart either, mainlyShow MoreRelatedThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger654 Words  | 3 Pagesfirst questions that came to my mind when I received the first assignment notice that we would be reading The Catcher in the Rye for English class. The title is most likely the single most important word choice that the author must make. J.D. Salinger uses the title in the book to allude to more than just when Holden sees the young child singing . J.D. Salingers title, The Catcher in the Rye, alludes to the conflict Holden faces of sexuality when growing up. The first reference made to the titleRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger944 Words  | 4 PagesMany people have different aspects and impressions on a teenager’s life. Some say society is the problem for their misbehaviours while others say it is the child who is responsible. Catcher in the Rye by J.D Salinger tells a story of a teenage boy named Holden Caulfield who gets kicked out from school to school. He never pushed himself in academics or anything and ended up failing, at most, everything. He re-tells what happened to him in New York after he got kicked out of Pencey Prep and secretlyRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1005 Words  | 5 PagesHolden Caulfield, the protagonist of J.D. Salinger’s classic coming of age tale The Catcher in the Rye, entices readers through his hyper-critical scrutinization of the post-war consumer world. The novel itself is acclaimed to be quite autobiographical; the similarities between Salinger and H olden are numerous. Holden is an avid critic of materialistic American ideals, and he aims to preserve innocence in others, and to save himself from falling into the land of adulthood. After failing out ofRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger862 Words  | 3 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye a novel written by J.D. Salinger, the book starts off with Holden Caulfield, main protagonist, talks about his experience alone the weekend before he went home after getting kicked out of Pencey Prep.Holden seems to be embracing the growing up mentality yet he is frighten of adulthood he is trying to keep his innocence. Holden’s attitude toward life in general is perplexed. He pretends to be an adult by drinking heavily, yet he complains like a child. Holdens thoughts arentRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1515 Words  | 7 PagesIn the novel, The Catcher in the Rye, written by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caulfield is a very complex and interesting person to take into consideration and psychoanalyze. His various traits make him a different person from the rest of the phonies in the world. Holden says, â€Å"All you do is make a lot of dough and play golf and play bridge and buy cars and drink Martinis and look like a hot-shot. How would you know you werent being a phony? The trouble is, you wouldnt.†What Holden doesn’t realizeRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger798 Words  | 3 PagesCatcher in the Rye Essay Anyone who has lost a beloved relative to cancer or other illnesses can understand how difficult it is to return to a normal living routine and move on with their lives without the relative. In J.D. Salinger’s novel, Holden Caulfield has to deal with the loss of his younger brother to leukemia. A few years after his younger brother, Allie, passed away, Holden finds himself being kicked out of yet another boarding school, this one being Pencey Prep in Pennsylvania. HoldenRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1104 Words  | 4 Pages J.D. Salinger has written multiple novels, but his most famous is The Catcher in the Rye. Not only is this novel famous for its literary merit, it is also known as his most banned novel in certain schools. Even though this novel has been banned, J.D. Salinger’s themes and moralistic purposes serve literary worth. In The Catcher in the Rye, the reader is first introduced to Holden Caulfield, as first person narrator. He is a radically independent adolescent who tosses off judgments at ease unselfconsciouslyRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger983 Words  | 4 PagesCatcher in the Rye Essay Throughout Catcher in the Rye there are a lot of small parts of the story where it would be linked to the book and to the text all together. J.D. Salinger created a lot of important passages that would be associated with what type of message that he was trying to convey to the audience. Salinger would develop certain characters like Phoebe through her description and actions to have a influence on Holden, thus causing him to change as a character and reveal sides of himRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger507 Words  | 2 PagesJ.D Salinger is a very known american writer whose literature became very popular. His books revolved around many ideas such as his view on children. Children in many of his books have an innocence that Salinger grasps onto and makes adults corrupt. Also, he shows how children are teachers to adults but can still be foolish. Purity in children are expressed throughout many stories by Salinger. In Catcher In the Rye, Holden repeatedly expressed â€Å"Did you ask her if she still keeps all her kings inRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger667 Words  | 3 PagesIn a J.D Salinger novel, The Catcher in the rye interprets the adolescent world full of patience and misery. Holden Caulfield, hardly being the complete opposite of a typical protagonist. Instead, being the archetype of an anti-hero facing adolescent over anxiety. He is a teenager forced to grow up in a time of turmoil with severe emotional handicaps placed upon him by family, friends and life in general. Caulfield sets himself on such a journey and is portrayed as an individual on a quest for validation
Friday, December 13, 2019
To What Extenet Has the Labour Party Abandoned Its Socialist Routes Free Essays
To What Extent has the Labour Party abandoned its socialist routes? The definition of socialism is ‘An economic, social and political doctrine which expresses the struggle for the equal distribution of wealth by eliminating private property and the exploitative ruling class’. In some ways it could be said that New Labour hasn’t abandoned its socialist routes. For example, New Labour’s idea of a minimum wage very much bares a socialist style of view, as this is seen as fair, equal and is a redistribution of income. We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extenet Has the Labour Party Abandoned Its Socialist Routes? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The old Labour party very much believed in the redistribution of wealth, as this was seen as helping out the less fortunate people of Britain. In early November 2012, Mr. Miliband stepped forward in support of a rise in the minimum wage, to what he calls the â€Å"living wage†New Labour still share many of the same ideas that old Labour once believed. For example, old Labour believed that everyone in the country should work together and should forget about social classes, and new Labour believes that poverty gaps should be smaller, and classes should work together. The idea of Ed Miliband taking the Disraeli slogan â€Å"One Nation†shows a real reversion back to the old ways of typical socialism, and the idea that Britain will be united. It is in conventional terms this is about being more left wing than Tony Blair – keener on taxes and regulation whilst more hostile to the private sector. Also, new and old Labour both believe in public expenditure on a large scale. This is to give the nation equal opportunities and the best possible standards of living, arguing the point of new Labour still sticking to its socialist routes. Old Labour believed that taxation should be high on the rich people of the country, as they have more money to give to the country to benefit the less affluent citizens of Britain. New Labour believes in less radical taxation, however stealth taxes are used to also benefit the country as well as the rise to the 50% taxation for anyone earning over ? 100,000 introduced in the April 2009 budget. This shows that both eras of the party believed in taxation benefiting the less ‘fortunate’ members of the country. New Labour is seen to be ‘expanding’ on old Labour’s views and adjusting them to fit in with Britain’s social aspects. For example, old Labour believed in free education from 5-18 years. However New Labour want 3-4 year olds to have free nursery education, something that wasn’t even around when Old Labour was still existent. Old Labour morals disagree with the idea of entrenched privileges toward education, as the state should create conditions that will give maximum opportunity to all sections of society. Whereas New Labour does not have a problem with public schools and they have the view that if people are prepared to spend more money on giving their children more benefits then so be it. New Labour still have many socialist views such as the idea of the UK being fairer and more prosperous than it was a decade ago, and it having the highest employment rate in the G7, and also that the government lifted 600,000 children out of poverty in 2007. This shows that the New Labour government is still keeping in mind the working class people of Britain, showing us that Labour still share some socialist views. However, in some ways it can be shown that New Labour has detached itself from its Socialist routes. This can be in the different views on nationalisation. Old Labour believed that big companies, like the railway, the telephone, and electricity firms are owned by the country as a whole instead of privately by businessmen and this worked by the public owning shares in the companies. Whereas new Labour share the view that the idea of Private Finance Initiatives (PFI), they welcome private funds into national institutions such as hospitals and schools etc. However In 2008 New Labour nationalized Northen Rock, and this was met with cries of outrage from its shareholders. The famous joke made by Labour MPs was â€Å"At last we’re enacting the 1983 manifesto†and â€Å"one down, 249 to go†. It was however embarrassing for the government of the time, who were keen to avoid nationalisation of any kind When old Labour first became a political party, they were to represent the working class people of the country, which were linked to trade unions. The unions had realized that the liberals and conservatives would not represent them, so they looked to Labour to represent skilled workers. The Labour party established a wide range of trade unions, socialists, Christians, Fabians and Marxists, this provided key amounts of support for the then liberal party. The common old Labour views consisted of, forgetting class, which meant that the country should work together to earn the best way of living for everyone. Old Labour believed that the working class should have their own say, which was to be non-violent. The idea of collectivism was a view shared by old Labour, which means to work as a group rather than as individuals, which links to the view of forgetting class. The same cannot be said for New Labour. Blair had a big focus on backing a sweeping overhaul of party funding which curbed the influence of the unions over the Labour party. Ed Miliband, who’s close victory for the leadership of the Labour Party over his brother was arguably due to the support of the Trade Unions, decided to back the Conservative government’s pay freeze in the public sector. This angered Trade Unions greatly, and Miliband did it to show he wasn’t going to be ruled by Trade Unions. Old Labour have the idea that free enterprise (An economic system characterized by private ownership of property and productive resources, the profit motive to stimulate production, competition to ensure efficiency, and the forces of supply and demand to direct the production and distribution of goods and services. ) will do nothing good for the working class. However new Labour believe that free enterprise is a good idea as the workers will benefit massively from this. New Labour is also broadly pro-Europe, and wants to lead the country to become more involved in the EU. Shadow Foreign Secretary Douglas Alexander said in November 2011 â€Å"It is still my view that the Labour Government took the right decision on the Lisbon Treaty†However, the old labour view was that the EU doesn’t have the same values as Britain. This is a prime example of how new labour have strayed away from old labour and are becoming less socialist as a result of this, because these views are radically different from each other, showing that new labour may have differed from old labour views. There is also an argument that says that not only has New Labour abandoned its Socialist routes, but New Labour has been accused of being far too right wing on some policies. For example, in December 1997, 47 Labour MPs rebelled when the government carried through the previous administration’s plans to cut the benefits paid to new single-parents. Tuition fees for university students were also introduced with no debate within the Labour Party itself. The government also promoted wider use of Public Private Partnerships and the Private Finance Initiative, which were opposed particularly by trade unions as a form of privatisation. Another example of Labour appearing too right wing is that the New Labour government has been closer to corporate business interests than any previous Labour government. This idea was opposed by old Labour views, and dramatically shows how different new Labour is now from when the party first started out. Since 1997 Labour’s economic policies have sought to take a middle way between the more centralised socialist approach of past Labour governments and the free market approach of the Conservative government from 1979 to 1997. One of the most popular policies introduced was Britain’s first National Minimum Wage Act. This act was a massive revelation, and shows us that Labour still shares a socialist way of thinking, even in this modern day and age. In conclusion, it is fair to say that New Labour has abandoned its Socialist routes, but this can be attributed to Politics slipping into much more of a battle for the central spectrum of politics. The core vote now lies between the left and right, and to gain the power of government, the Labour Party has had to juggle appealing to its dye in the wool support as well as the core vote. Jono Davis How to cite To What Extenet Has the Labour Party Abandoned Its Socialist Routes?, Papers
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